Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4 T Cells Are Cytolytic and Mediate Vaccine Protection

Abstract

CD4 T cells provide protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other persistent viruses, and the ability to quantify and characterize epitope-specific responses is essential to gain a more precise understanding of their effector roles in this regard. Here, we report the first two I-A(d)-restricted CD4 T cell responses specific for mouse CMV (MCMV) epitopes and use a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) tetramer to characterize their phenotypes and functions. We demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD4 T cells can express high levels of granzyme B and kill target cells in an epitope- and organ-specific manner. In addition, CD4 T cell epitope vaccination of immunocompetent mice reduced MCMV replication in the same organs where CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was observed. Together, our studies show that MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cells have the potential to mediate antiviral defense by multiple effector mechanisms in vivo.

Importance: CD4 T cells mediate immune protection by using their T cell receptors to recognize specific portions of viral proteins, called epitopes, that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules on the surfaces of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we discovered the first two epitopes derived from mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that are recognized by CD4 T cells in BALB/c mice, a mouse strain commonly used to study the pathogenesis of this virus infection. Here, we report the sequences of these epitopes, characterize the CD4 T cells that recognize them to fight off MCMV infection, and show that we can use the epitopes to vaccinate mice and protect against MCMV.