Differential predation by age and sex classes in blue wildebeest in Serengeti: study of a modern carnivore den in Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

PLoS One. 2015 May 27;10(5):e0125944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125944. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Age and sex selection of prey is an aspect of predator ecology which has been extensively studied in both temperate and African ecosystems. This dimension, along with fecundity, survival rates of prey and mortality factors other than predation are important in laying down the population dynamics of prey and have important implications in the management of species. A carnivore den located in the short-grassland ecological unit of the Serengeti was studied. Sex- and age- class (using five age categories) of the wildebeest remains recovered were analyzed through horn morphology, biometrics of the bones and tooth wear patterns. We compared our results with previous studies from lion and hyaena kills through multivariate analyses. Seasonality of the accumulation was analyzed through tooth histology. PCA and CVA results show that age class selection by predators depends on season, habitat-type, and growth rate of the wildebeest population. Female-biased predation was found to contradict classical hypotheses based on territorial male behaviour. The lion and spotted hyaena showed strong selection on age classes, contrary to previous studies. Migratory wildebeest sex ratio is regulated through differential predation by seasons and female deaths in the wet season are a trade-off for population stability. These data are crucial for an effective management of the species and the new method created may be useful for different carnivore species and their prey.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Animals
  • Antelopes / physiology*
  • Bone and Bones / physiology
  • Carnivory
  • Female
  • Hyaenidae
  • Lions
  • Male
  • Population Dynamics
  • Predatory Behavior*
  • Seasons
  • Sex Ratio
  • Tanzania
  • Tooth / chemistry

Grants and funding

The authors greatly appreciate the major funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the European project I + D HAR2013-45246-C3-1P and the Spanish Ministry of Culture through the Heritage Institute and the Program of Funding for Archaeological Projects Abroad. CMM was supported by a JAE-DOC postdoctoral contract (CSIC) co-funded by the European Social Fund. The authors also thank the Comunidad de Madrid for funding provided through the I + D project S2010/BMD-2330 (I+D activities programme for research groups of the Consejería de Educación). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.