Site fidelity and individual variation in winter location in partially migratory European shags

PLoS One. 2014 Jun 3;9(6):e98562. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098562. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

In partially migratory populations, individuals from a single breeding area experience a range of environments during the non-breeding season. If individuals show high within- and among- year fidelity to specific locations, any annual environmental effect on individual life histories could be reinforced, causing substantial demographic heterogeneity. Quantifying within- and among- individual variation and repeatability in non-breeding season location is therefore key to predicting broad-scale environmental impacts on the dynamics of partially migratory populations. We used field resightings of colour-ringed adult European shags known to have bred on the Isle of May, Scotland, to quantify individual variation and repeatability in winter location within and among three consecutive winters. In total, 3797 resightings of 882 individuals were recorded over 622 km of coastline, including the Isle of May. These individuals comprised over 50% of the known breeding population, and encompassed representative distributions of ages and sexes. The distances from the Isle of May at which individuals were resighted during winter varied substantially, up to 486 km and 136 km north and south respectively and including the breeding colony on the Isle of May. However, resighting distances were highly repeatable within individuals; within- and among-winter repeatabilities were >0.72 and >0.59 respectively across the full September-March observation period, and >0.95 and >0.79 respectively across more restricted mid-winter periods. Repeatability did not differ significantly between males and females or among different age classes, either within or among winters. These data demonstrate that the focal shag population is partially migratory, and moreover that individuals show highly repeatable variation in winter location and hence migration strategy across consecutive winters. Such high among-individual variation and within-individual repeatability, both within and among winters, could lead to substantial life history variation, and therefore influence population dynamics and future conservation management strategies.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animal Migration / physiology*
  • Animals
  • Birds / physiology*
  • Female
  • Male
  • Population Dynamics
  • Seasons

Grants and funding

HG is funded by a Natural Environment Research Council CASE studentship, in partnership with the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh (www.ceh.ac.uk), and the Scottish Ornithologists' Club (www.the-soc.org.uk). FD, SW, EN, MPH and MN are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (www.nerc.ac.uk). JR is funded by the Royal Society (royalsociety.org). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.