This review article summarizes the most recently available data covering the modern trends and methods in the diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric artery disease. Its aim is to point out the critical moments in the whole spectrum of matters such as early diagnosis and treatment of the chronic form of bowel ischemia, role of MDCT in prompt diagnosis, and urgent therapeutic modalities of treating its acute forms. To achieve the best possible results, we must minimize the time of diagnosis while the treatment has to be tailored individually to each patient according to occlusion type, age and co-morbidities (Fig. 2, Ref. 66).