IRF-8 controls melanoma progression by regulating the cross talk between cancer and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment

Neoplasia. 2012 Dec;14(12):1223-35. doi: 10.1593/neo.121444.

Abstract

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) is crucial for myeloid cell development and immune response and also acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Here, we analyzed the role of IRF-8 in the cross talk between melanoma cells and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. B16-F10 melanoma cells transplanted into IRF-8-deficient (IRF-8(-/-)) mice grow more rapidly, leading to higher numbers of lung metastasis, with respect to control animals. These events correlated with reduced dendritic cell and T cell infiltration, accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and a chemokine/chemokine receptor expression profile within the tumor microenvironment supporting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Noticeably, primary tumors developing in IRF-8(-/-) mice displayed a clear-cut inhibition of IRF-8 expression in melanoma cells. Injection of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into melanoma-bearing IRF-8(-/-) animals induced intratumoral IRF-8 expression and resulted in the re-establishment of a chemokine/ chemokine receptor pattern favoring leukocyte infiltration and melanoma growth arrest. Importantly, intrinsic IRF-8 expression was progressively down-modulated during melanoma growth in mice and in human metastatic melanoma cells with respect to primary tumors. Lastly, IRF-8 expression in melanoma cells was directly modulated by soluble factors, among which interleukin-27 (IL-27), released by immune cells from tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, these results underscore a key role of IRF-8 in the cross talk between melanoma and immune cells, thus revealing its critical function within the tumor microenvironment in regulating melanoma progression and invasiveness.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Azacitidine / analogs & derivatives
  • Azacitidine / pharmacology
  • CD4 Lymphocyte Count
  • Chemokines / metabolism*
  • Decitabine
  • Dendritic Cells / immunology
  • Disease Progression
  • Humans
  • Interferon Regulatory Factors / genetics
  • Interferon Regulatory Factors / metabolism*
  • Interleukin-17 / metabolism
  • Interleukins / metabolism
  • Lung Neoplasms / secondary*
  • Melanoma, Experimental / immunology*
  • Melanoma, Experimental / metabolism*
  • Melanoma, Experimental / secondary
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Receptor Cross-Talk / immunology*
  • Receptors, Chemokine / metabolism
  • Spleen / cytology
  • Spleen / metabolism
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Tumor Microenvironment
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B / metabolism
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / metabolism

Substances

  • Chemokines
  • Interferon Regulatory Factors
  • Interleukin-17
  • Interleukins
  • Receptors, Chemokine
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B
  • interferon regulatory factor-8
  • Decitabine
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
  • Azacitidine