Background: Early risk stratification of patients with acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) can guide the decision to admit the patient to hospital and the choice of therapy.
Methods: Standard review methodology using Medline and Google scholar from the years 2006-present. Papers before 2006 were reviewed when necessary.
Results: Biomarkers used in AHFS are broadly classified based on their mechanism of action: inflammation, renal stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, oxidative stress, cardiac myocyte stress, and neurohormonal regulation.
Conclusion: This paper provides a review for clinicians and medical scientists highlighting the most recent advances in biomarkers with application in AHFS.