Removal of uraemic toxins can be increased by online haemodiafiltration. At present, it is unclear whether online haemodia-filtration ultimately improves clinical outcomes in chronic haemodialysis patients. The Dutch 'Convective transport study' (CONTRAST) is an ongoing trial comparing standard haemodialysis with online haemodiafiltration. This randomised controlled trial will provide substantial clinical evidence on the effects of haemodiafiltration on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, compared with standard haemodialysis.